{"id":8627,"date":"2024-05-21T19:56:15","date_gmt":"2024-05-21T23:56:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/latinamericasecurityreport.com\/?p=8627"},"modified":"2024-05-21T19:56:15","modified_gmt":"2024-05-21T23:56:15","slug":"rabies-outbreaks-in-costa-rica-cattle-linked-to-deforestation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/latinamericasecurityreport.com\/?p=8627","title":{"rendered":"Rabies Outbreaks in Costa Rica Cattle Linked to Deforestation"},"content":{"rendered":"
A cow in a forest of the Alajuela province of Costa Rica meanders near the entrance to a cave where researchers are gathering data on vampire bats and the ecology of the rabies virus.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Deforestation in Costa Rica raises the risk of cattle becoming infected with rabies by vampire bats, finds a new study<\/a>. Emerging Infectious Diseases published the research by disease ecologists at Emory University.<\/p>\n

\u201cA healthy tropical forest has phenomenal diversity \u2014 not just among plants and mammals like monkeys and bats, but also among microorganisms,\u201d says Thomas Gillespie, Emory professor and chair of the Department of Environmental Sciences and senior author of the study. \u201cWhen you destroy parts of a forest, the diversity goes down and the dynamics of disease transmission may change in a way that leads to the emergence of new pathogens or the reemergence of existing ones.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Costa Rica economy relies heavily on ecotourism. Approximately 25% of its territory is protected under its National System of Conservation Areas, the largest percentage of protected areas accounted for by any country in the world, according to the Global Alliance of National Parks.<\/p>\n

Agriculture, however, is also an important economic sector and often encroaches into unprotected tropical forest areas. Livestock farms cover about 38% of the country\u2019s territory, according to the United Nations Environment Program.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe government has done an amazing job of protecting much of its tropical forest,\u201d Gillespie says. \u201cIn some areas, however, the country has high rates of deforestation due to clearing of the land for agricultural uses. It\u2019s a big dichotomy.\u201d<\/p>\n

A vampire bat is held in a researcher\u2019s gloved hands. The bat\u2019s razor-sharp teeth allow it to make an incision in an animal without the animal feeling it. An anticoagulant in vampire bat saliva keeps the blood flowing as a bat laps up a meal. Photo by Neto Villalobos.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Rabies is a viral disease most often transmitted by the bite of a rabid mammal. Vaccination campaigns have been largely effective at preventing rabies outbreaks in dogs in Costa Rica. The virus, though, keeps reemerging in cattle, spread by vampire bats.<\/p>\n

Found in tropical and subtropical areas of Central and South America, vampire bats feed solely on blood. Unlike other bats, they can walk \u2014 and even run \u2014 on land. They feed at night, stealthily approaching a sleeping mammal. Razor-sharp teeth and surgical precision allow the bats to make an incision in an animal, such as in the hock of a cow, without the animal feeling it. An anticoagulant in vampire bat saliva keeps the blood flowing as the bat laps up a meal.<\/p>\n

The researchers wanted to better understand the factors associated with rabies outbreaks in cattle in Costa Rica.<\/p>\n

They drew from data of the National Animal Health Service of Costa Rica to map the time and locations of rabies outbreaks in cattle from 1985 to 2020 in both northern and southern regions of the country where tropical forest has been cleared for agriculture. They also mapped land-use data across the same time for the outbreak sites, including a radius of 10 kilometers for each site, the maximum foraging range for vampire bats.<\/p>\n

They then used geographic information system software to generate spatial probability estimations based on these known outbreaks.<\/p>\n

The results showed a link between the location of forest habitat and an outbreak. Each one-kilometer increase in distance from forest increased the probability of an outbreak by 4%.<\/p>\n

The researchers theorize that decreased availability of bat-roosting sites within forested habitat appears to increase the preference of vampire bats to feed on cattle, as opposed to wild mammals.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe found the highest probability of rabies outbreaks in Puntarenas Province in the south, indicating the need for localized, preventative interventions in that region to avoid rabies reemergence in people,\u201d says Julie Clennon, an eco-epidemiologist in Emory\u2019s Department of Environmental Sciences and co-author of the study.<\/p>\n

A growing number of studies show a similar pattern linking the destruction of tropical forests with disease reemergence, Gillespie says, including a reemergence of hanta viruses in the Amazon associated with soybean production and the reemergence of the Lassa virus in West Africa, linked to oil-palm production.<\/p>\n

In a previous study, the researchers and colleagues showed that shifts in the feeding preferences of vampire bats due to human land-use changes in Costa Rica altered the gut microbial communities and immune systems of the bats. Such shifts could potentially make bats more susceptible to pathogens and more likely to spread them.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen governments make decisions about large-scale land-use changes, they need to consider the potential of disease emergence, or reemergence, along with the potential for increased greenhouse-gas emissions,\u201d Gillespie says.<\/p>\n

In addition to their association with the destruction of natural habitat, cows and other ruminant animals emit methane, a potent greenhouse gas, as they digest grasses. And the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide is emitted from the manure of ruminants.<\/p>\n

\u201cAs an individual, you may want to reduce beef in your diet as much as possible,\u201d Gillespie says, \u201cboth to improve your own health and that of the planet. We are currently using natural resources at a rate that\u2019s not sustainable.\u201d<\/p>\n

First author of the current paper is Christie Jones, who did the work as a student in Emory\u2019s 4+1 BS\/MPH program, where she received a bachelors in environmental sciences before entering an accelerated program for a master of public health at Rollins School of Public Health. Jones is currently studying medicine at the American University of the Caribbean.<\/p>\n

Amanda Vicente, a former Emory postdoctoral fellow in the Gillespie lab who is now at the University of Oklahoma, is a co-author.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Deforestation in Costa Rica raises the risk of cattle becoming infected with rabies by vampire bats, finds a new study. Emerging Infectious Diseases published the research by disease ecologists at Emory University. \u201cA healthy tropical forest has phenomenal diversity \u2014 not just among plants and mammals like monkeys and bats, but also among microorganisms,\u201d says…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":124,"featured_media":8629,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/earimediaprodweb.azurewebsites.net\/Api\/v1\/Multimedia\/636058e7-4b58-4859-adce-0fce79274980\/Rendition\/low-res\/Content\/Public","fifu_image_alt":"Rabies Outbreaks in Costa Rica Cattle Linked to Deforestation","footnotes":""},"categories":[195],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8627","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health-environment"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/latinamericasecurityreport.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8627","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/latinamericasecurityreport.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/latinamericasecurityreport.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/latinamericasecurityreport.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/124"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/latinamericasecurityreport.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8627"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/latinamericasecurityreport.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8627\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8630,"href":"https:\/\/latinamericasecurityreport.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8627\/revisions\/8630"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/latinamericasecurityreport.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8629"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/latinamericasecurityreport.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8627"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/latinamericasecurityreport.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8627"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/latinamericasecurityreport.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8627"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}